Content Type Charset Iso 8859 1

Character encoding for the Latin alphabets of Western European languages

ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
ISO/IEC 8859-1 code page layout
MIME / IANA	ISO-8859-ane
Alias(es)	iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819
Language(s)	English, various others
Standard	ISO/IEC 8859
Nomenclature	Extended ASCII, ISO/IEC 8859
Extends	U.s.a.-ASCII
Based on	December MCS
Succeeded by	ISO/IEC 8859-15 Windows-1252 (in web standards)
Other related encoding(s)	BraSCII
v t e

ISO/IEC 8859-one:1998, Information technology — eight-scrap single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part one: Latin alphabet No. i, is office of the ISO/IEC 8859 serial of ASCII-based standard character encodings, showtime edition published in 1987. ISO/IEC 8859-i encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is the basis for some popular viii-chip character sets and the first ii blocks of characters in Unicode.

ISO-8859-1 was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with "text/" (HTML5 changed this to Windows-1252).^[one] ^[ii] As of August 2022^[update], ane.iii% of all (but but eight of the tiptop thousand^[3]) websites employ ISO/IEC 8859-1.^[four] ^[v] Information technology is the most declared single-byte character encoding in the world on the web, just every bit web browsers interpret information technology as the superset Windows-1252 the documents may include characters from that set.

Depending on the country, use tin can exist much higher than the global average, e.g. for Germany at four.3% (and including Windows-1252 at four.v%).^{[half dozen]} ^[7]

ISO-8859-i was the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defined the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML three.2 documents, and is specified by many other standards. This is sometimes causeless to be the encoding of text on Microsoft Windows (and Unix) if there is no byte order mark (BOM); this is only gradually being changed to UTF-8.

ISO-8859-i is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The post-obit other aliases are registered: iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819. Code folio 28591 a.chiliad.a. Windows-28591 is used for it in Windows.^[8] IBM calls it code page 819 or CP819 (CCSID 819).^[9] ^[ten] ^[11] ^[12] Oracle calls it WE8ISO8859P1.^[13]

Coverage [edit]

Each graphic symbol is encoded as a single viii-chip code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (while information technology may exclude correct quotation marks such as for many languages including German and Icelandic):

Modernistic languages with complete coverage [edit]

Afrikaans
Albanian
Basque
Breton
Corsican
English
Faroese
Galician
Icelandic
Irish
Indonesian
Italian
Leonese
Luxembourgish^[a]
Malay^[b]
Manx
Norwegian^[c]
Occitan
Portuguese^[d]
Rhaeto-Romanic
Scottish Gaelic
Scots
Southern Sami
Spanish
Swahili
Swedish
Tagalog
Walloon

Notes

^ Bones classical orthography
^ Rumi script
^ Bokmål and Nynorsk
^ European and Brazilian

Languages with incomplete coverage [edit]

ISO-8859-1 was commonly used^{[ citation needed ]} for certain languages, fifty-fifty though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can exist replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-i using some course of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.

Language	Missing characters	Typical workaround	Supported by
Catalan	Ŀ, ŀ (deprecated)	L·, l·
Danish	Ǿ, ǿ (the accent is optional and ǿ is very rare)	Ø, ø or øe
Dutch	Ĳ, ĳ (simply with debatable status); j́ in emphasized words like "blíj́f"	digraphs IJ, ij; blíjf
Estonian	Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords)	Sh, sh, Zh, zh	ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
Finnish	Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords)	Sh, sh, Zh, zh	ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
French	Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ	digraphs OE, oe; Y or Ý	ISO-8859-fifteen, Windows-1252
High german	ẞ (capital ß, used only in all capitals; included in the official orthography in 2017, nonetheless optional)	digraph SS
Hungarian	Ő, ő, Ű, ű	Ö, ö, Ü, ü Õ, õ, Û, û (the character codepoints replaced in ISO/IEC 8859-2)	ISO/IEC 8859-2, Windows-1250
Irish gaelic (traditional orthography)	Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṗ, ṗ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ	Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Ph, ph, Sh, sh, Th, th	ISO-8859-14
Welsh	Ẁ, ẁ, Ẃ, ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ẅ, ẅ, Ỳ, ỳ, Ŷ, ŷ, Ÿ	W, w, Y, y, Ý, ý	ISO-8859-fourteen

The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as Fifty'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at the beginning of words, is included just in lowercase grade. The slot corresponding to its capital class is occupied past the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which did not take an uppercase grade at the time when the standard was created.

Quotation marks [edit]

For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, every bit merely « », " ", and ' ' are included. As well, this scheme does non provide for oriented (half dozen- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts volition brandish the spacing grave emphasis (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) every bit a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks, only this is not considered function of the modern standard.

History [edit]

ISO 8859-i was based on the Multinational Character Ready (MCS) used by Digital Equipment Corporation (Dec) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed inside the European Estimator Manufacturers Clan (ECMA), and published in March 1985 every bit ECMA-94,^[fourteen] by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)^[15] also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-iv every bit office of the specification.

The original typhoon of ISO 8859-1 placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the MCS. All the same, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are non contained French letters on their own, only mere ligatures (similar ﬁ or ﬂ), supported by the delegate team from Bull Publishing Company, who regularly did not print French with Œ/œ in their house manner at the time. An anglophone delegate from Canada insisted on retaining Œ/œ just was rebuffed past the French delegate and the squad from Bull. These lawmaking points were soon filled with × and ÷ nether the suggestion of the German delegation. Support for French was farther reduced when it was again falsely stated that the letter ÿ is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital Ÿ. In fact, the letter of the alphabet ÿ is found in a number of French proper names, and the uppercase has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias.^[16] These characters were added to ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999. BraSCII matches the original draft.

In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.^[17] The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1990, the very first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the beginning 256 Unicode code points.

In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more than ordinarily known by its preferred MIME proper noun of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-ane, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 command codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible eight-bit value.

Code page layout [edit]

ISO/IEC 8859-one
	0	1	2	3	4	five	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	East	F
0x
1x
2x	SP	!	"	#	$	%	&	'	(	)	*	+	,	-	.	/
3x	0	i	2	3	4	5	6	seven	eight	9	:	;	<	=	>	?
4x	@	A	B	C	D	E	F	Grand	H	I	J	K	Fifty	Thousand	N	O
5x	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	Ten	Y	Z	[	\	]	^	_
6x	`	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	thou	n	o
7x	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	due west	x	y	z	{	\|	}	~
8x
9x
Ax	NBSP	¡	¢	£	¤	¥	¦	§	¨	©	ª	«	¬	SHY	®	¯
Bx	°	±	²	³	´	µ	¶	·	¸	¹	º	»	¼	½	¾	¿
Cx	À	Á	Â	Ã	Ä	Å	Æ	Ç	È	É	Ê	Ë	Ì	Í	Î	Ï
Dx	Ð	Ñ	Ò	Ó	Ô	Õ	Ö	×	Ø	Ù	Ú	Û	Ü	Ý	Þ	ß
Ex	à	á	â	ã	ä	å	æ	ç	è	é	ê	ë	ì	í	î	ï
Fx	ð	ñ	ò	ó	ô	õ	ö	÷	ø	ù	ú	û	ü	ý	þ	ÿ
Undefined Symbols and punctuation Undefined in the first release of ECMA-94 (1985).^[14] In the original draft Œ was at 0xD7 and œ was at 0xF7.

Similar character sets [edit]

ISO/IEC 8859-15 [edit]

ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed in 1999, as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-one. Information technology provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign, which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤, ¦, ¨, ´, ¸, ¼, ½, and ¾. Ironically, three of the newly added characters (Œ, œ, and Ÿ) had already been present in December's 1983 Multinational Character Prepare (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-one (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical lawmaking points.

ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification, had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 past replacing the universal currency sign (¤) with the euro sign^[eighteen] (the same commutation made by ISO-8859-15).

Windows-1252 [edit]

The popular Windows-1252 character gear up adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-xv, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel Windows-1252 text as being in ISO-8859-ane. A common upshot was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in give-and-take-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many web browsers and east-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-i control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that beliefs was later standardized in HTML5.^[19]

Mac Roman [edit]

The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. Information technology is a superset of ASCII, and has virtually of the characters that are in ISO-8859-one and all the actress characters from Windows-1252 merely in a totally different arrangement. The few printable characters that are in ISO/IEC 8859-1, just not in this set, are often a source of trouble when editing text on websites using older Macintosh browsers, including the final version of Internet Explorer for Mac.

Other [edit]

DOS had lawmaking page 850, which had all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 had (albeit in a totally different system) plus the almost widely used graphic characters from code page 437.

Between 1989^[20] and 2015, Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-one on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to just as "ECMA-94" equally well.^[twenty]

Come across also [edit]

Latin script in Unicode
Unicode
Universal Character Set
UTF-8
Windows code pages
ISO/IEC JTC one/SC ii

References [edit]

^ "Encoding Standard". encoding.spec.whatwg.org.
^ "HTML Standard". html.spec.whatwg.org.
^ "Usage Survey of Grapheme Encodings broken down by Ranking". w3techs.com . Retrieved 2022-08-21 .
^ "Historical trends in the usage statistics of grapheme encodings for websites, March 2022". w3techs.com . Retrieved 2022-03-30 .
^ "Source of character encoding statistics?". w3techs.com.
^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that employ .de". w3techs.com . Retrieved 2022-08-21 .
^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that utilise German". w3techs.com . Retrieved 2022-01-24 .
^ "Code Folio Identifiers". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-xix .
^ "Code page 819 data document". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
^ "CCSID 819 information certificate". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
^ Code Page CPGID 00819 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
^ Lawmaking Page CPGID 00819 (txt), IBM
^ Baird, Cathy; Chiba, Dan; Chu, Winson; Fan, Jessica; Ho, Claire; Constabulary, Simon; Lee, Geoff; Linsley, Peter; Matsuda, Keni; Oscroft, Tamzin; Takeda, Shige; Tanaka, Linus; Tozawa, Makoto; Trute, Barry; Tsujimoto, Mayumi; Wu, Ying; Yau, Michael; Yu, Tim; Wang, Chao; Wong, Simon; Zhang, Weiran; Zheng, Lei; Zhu, Yan; Moore, Valarie (2002) [1996]. "Appendix A: Locale Data". Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide (PDF) (Release 2 (9.2) ed.). Oracle Corporation. Oracle A96529-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-xiv. Retrieved 2017-02-14 .
^ ^a ^b Standard ECMA-94: 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Set up (PDF) (1 ed.). European Reckoner Manufacturers Association (ECMA). March 1985 [1984-12-14]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01 . […] Since 1982 the urgency of the demand for an 8-bit single-byte coded character ready was recognized in ECMA also equally in ANSI/X3L2 and numerous working papers were exchanged between the two groups. In Feb 1984 ECMA TC1 submitted to ISO/TC97/SC2 a proposal for such a coded character fix. At its coming together of April 1984 SC decided to submit to TC97 a proposal for a new item of work for this topic. Technical discussions during and later on this meeting led TC1 to prefer the coding scheme proposed by X3L2. Part ane of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted every bit an ECMA Standard by the Full general Associates of Dec. 13–fourteen, 1984. […]
^ "2d edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)" (PDF).
^ Jacques, André (1996). "ISO Latin-1, norme de codage des caractères européens? Trois caractères français en sont absents!" (PDF). Cahiers GUTenberg (25): 65–77.
^ Malyshev, Michael (2003-01-10). "Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]". ATO-RU (Amiga Translation Organization - Russian Department). Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05 .
^ ITS Information Technology Standardization (1998-09-xvi). ISO-IR 204: Supplementary fix for Latin-i culling with EURO SIGN (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ.
^ van Kesteren, Anne (27 Jan 2015). "5.2 Names and labels". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved iv Feb 2015.
^ ^a ^b HP 82240B Infrared Printer (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: Hewlett-Packard. August 1989. HP reorder number 82240-90014. Retrieved 2016-08-01 .

External links [edit]

ISO/IEC 8859-one:1998
ISO/IEC FDIS 8859-1:1998 — viii-bit unmarried-byte coded graphic character sets, Office 1: Latin alphabet No. 1 (draft dated February 12, 1998, published April fifteen, 1998)
Standard ECMA-94: viii-Bit Unmarried Byte Coded Graphic Character Sets — Latin Alphabets No. ane to No. 4 second edition (June 1986)
ISO-IR 100 Right-Hand Role of Latin Alphabet No.one (February 1, 1986)
The Letter Database
Czyborra, Roman (1998-12-01). "The ISO 8859 Alphabet Soup". Archived from the original on 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2016-12-01 . [1] [2]